🧪✨ Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
Chapter 2: ( Click Link) https://science-chapter-summaries-cbse.blogspot.com/2025/04/is-matter-around-us-pure.html
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🔹 1. What is Matter?
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. 📦⚖️
• Everything around us is made of matter — air, water, food, clothes, even our body! 🌬️💧👚🧍
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🔹 2. Characteristics of Particles of Matter
• 🧬 Matter is made up of tiny particles.
• ⚡ Particles are continuously moving — they have kinetic energy (energy of motion).
o 🔥 More heat = more movement = more kinetic energy.
• 🧲 Particles attract each other (inter-particle forces).
• 📏 There is space between particles (inter-particle spaces).
• 🧠 They also have potential energy due to attraction — stronger forces = higher potential energy (especially in solids).
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🔹 3. States of Matter
• 🧊 Solid:
o Definite shape 🟫 and volume 📦
o Particles tightly packed 🧲🧲🧲
• 💧 Liquid:
o No fixed shape, takes container’s shape 🥤
o Fixed volume
o Particles loosely packed 🔄
• 🌫️ Gas:
o No fixed shape or volume 💨
o Particles move freely and are far apart ↔️
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🔹 4. Interconversion of States of Matter
• Matter can change states by changing temperature or pressure 🔄🌡️⏬
o 🧊➡️💧 Melting: Solid → Liquid
o 💧➡️🧊 Freezing: Liquid → Solid
o 💧➡️🌫️ Vaporization: Liquid → Gas
o 🌫️➡️💧 Condensation: Gas → Liquid
o 🧊➡️🌫️ or 🌫️➡️🧊 Sublimation: Solid ↔️ Gas (e.g., camphor, dry ice)
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🔹 5. Evaporation
• 💧➡️🌫️ Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into gas at temperatures below boiling point.
• ✅ Factors affecting evaporation:
o 📐 Surface area ↑ → Evaporation ↑
o 🌡️ Temperature ↑ → Evaporation ↑
o 💨 Wind speed ↑ → Evaporation ↑
o 💦 Humidity ↓ → Evaporation ↑
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🔹 6. Cooling Effect of Evaporation
• 🌬️💧 Evaporation causes cooling because the particles absorb heat from surroundings to convert into vapour.
o (e.g., sweat evaporating cools the body 😓➡️❄️)
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🔹 7. Latent Heat
• 🔥 Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change of state without changing temperature.
o 🧊➡️💧 Latent heat of fusion (solid to liquid)
o 💧➡️🌫️ Latent heat of vaporization (liquid to gas)
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🔹 8. Boiling vs. Evaporation
Feature 🔥 Boiling 🌬️ Evaporation
Temperature At boiling point only At all temperatures
Location Throughout the liquid Only at the surface
Speed Fast Slow
Heat source Required May not be direct
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